Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation

Introduction

Fundamental concepts and definitions, Measuring errors and their causes, accuracy, precision, significant figures, calculations of static errors, Arithmetic mean, standard deviation. Instrument calibration

Bridges: principles of different configurations of designs, errors and their causes, applications of DC-bridges, AC-bridges.

Measuring using Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Measurements with oscilloscopes-dc and ac current and voltages, phase, sensitivity, accuracy, frequency

Measuring instruments and methods:

 Universal Counter/timer (Frequency, time, period, ratio, external signal, etc.). Digital-Voltmeters: Ramp type DVM, Successive approximation type DVM, Integrating type DVM, etc,

Multimeters-principles.

Power and power factor measuring instrument, Current Transformer and Potential Transformer, tachometer, Megger

Electrical measurements of non-electrical quantities: primary sensing elements-strain, force, displacement, flow, pressure, transducers-active, in active, and digital for various quantities. Strain and stress measurements, displacement and force measurements, pressure transducers, LVDT.